Preheat oven to 400°F / 200°C. Grease a 9×13-inch casserole dish.
Heat 2 tbsp olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat. Add 1 chopped onion and cook 3–4 minutes until translucent.
Add diced bell peppers and sauté 4–5 minutes until slightly softened.
Add 1.5 lb ground beef, break into pieces, and brown 6–8 minutes. Drain excess fat if there’s more than a tablespoon.
Stir in 2 cups riced cauliflower and ½ cup crushed tomatoes. Cook 3–4 minutes so cauliflower softens and moisture reduces. Season with oregano, cumin, smoked paprika, salt & pepper. Taste and adjust.
In a bowl whisk 8 oz softened cream cheese, 2 eggs, 2 tbsp almond flour, and 1 cup shredded cheddar until smooth.
Remove skillet from heat and fold ¾ cup of the remaining cheddar into the meat mixture. Pour the cream-cheese/egg mix over the skillet contents and fold until evenly combined.
Transfer mixture to the prepared casserole dish and spread evenly. Top with the remaining cheddar and ¼ cup Parmesan if using.
Bake covered loosely with foil for 20 minutes, remove foil and bake another 10–15 minutes until bubbling and golden. Let rest 5–8 minutes before slicing. Garnish and serve.